E391 - Phytinsäure

Origin

Phytic acid, also known as inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), is a naturally occurring compound found in plant seeds, grains, legumes, and nuts. It is the principal storage form of phosphorus in these plant tissues. Industrially, phytic acid is often extracted from rice bran or corn steep liquor, byproducts of rice and corn processing, respectively.

Usage

In the food industry, phytic acid and its salts (phytates) are used as antioxidants and sequestrants. As an antioxidant, it helps to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils, thereby extending the shelf life of food products. As a sequestrant, it binds to metal ions, such as iron, zinc, and calcium, preventing them from participating in undesirable reactions that can cause discoloration, off-flavors, or cloudiness in beverages. It can also be used to improve the texture and stability of certain food products. Phytic acid is sometimes added to dietary supplements, although its use is controversial due to its potential to inhibit mineral absorption.

Side Effects

While phytic acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in typical food processing applications, high intakes can inhibit the absorption of essential minerals like iron, zinc, calcium, and magnesium. This is because phytic acid forms insoluble complexes with these minerals in the digestive tract, preventing their absorption. Individuals with diets heavily reliant on grains and legumes, particularly those with marginal mineral status, are most at risk of mineral deficiencies due to high phytic acid intake. However, food processing techniques like soaking, sprouting, fermenting, and cooking can significantly reduce the phytic acid content of foods, mitigating its anti-nutritional effects. There is no established ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) for phytic acid, as it is a naturally occurring component of many common foods, but moderation is advised, especially for vulnerable populations.

Regulatory Status

Phytic acid (E391) is permitted for use as a food additive in some countries, subject to specific regulations regarding its concentration and application. The regulatory status can vary depending on the region. In the EU, it is approved for use as an antioxidant. The FDA in the United States generally recognizes phytic acid as safe (GRAS) for use in food, provided it is used in accordance with good manufacturing practices. However, regulations and guidelines should always be consulted to ensure compliance with local laws.