E160aiii - Beta-carotene from blakeslea trispora

Origin

E160a(iii) refers to beta-carotene derived from the fungus *Blakeslea trispora*. Beta-carotene is a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment found in many plants and microorganisms. Unlike beta-carotene extracted from plants like carrots, this form is produced through fermentation of *Blakeslea trispora*, a process that allows for large-scale production under controlled conditions. The fermentation process involves cultivating the fungus in a nutrient-rich medium, allowing it to synthesize beta-carotene, which is then extracted and purified.

Usage

Beta-carotene from *Blakeslea trispora* is primarily used as a food coloring agent, providing a yellow-orange hue to various food products. It is also employed as a source of provitamin A, as the body can convert beta-carotene into vitamin A (retinol). Common applications include its use in margarine, cheese, beverages, baked goods, confectionery, and dietary supplements. The addition of beta-carotene not only enhances the visual appeal of food but also contributes to its nutritional value by providing a precursor to vitamin A, which is essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth.

Side Effects

Beta-carotene is generally considered safe for consumption at levels typically used in food. Extensive research has been conducted on beta-carotene, and regulatory bodies have established acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels. For beta-carotene from *Blakeslea trispora*, the ADI is generally considered 'not specified', meaning that at the levels normally consumed, it does not pose a health risk. However, excessive consumption of beta-carotene supplements (far exceeding levels found in food) may lead to carotenemia, a harmless condition where the skin turns yellow-orange. This condition is reversible upon reducing beta-carotene intake. There are no known significant allergic reactions associated with beta-carotene from *Blakeslea trispora*.

Regulatory Status

Beta-carotene from *Blakeslea trispora* is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including those in the European Union (EU) and the United States. In the EU, it is designated as E160a(iii). Regulatory bodies like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have evaluated its safety and established guidelines for its use in food products. These regulations specify the maximum permitted levels of beta-carotene in different food categories to ensure consumer safety. The FDA includes beta-carotene under substances generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.