E579 - gluconate de fer

Origin

Iron(II) gluconate, also known as ferrous gluconate, is an iron salt of gluconic acid. Gluconic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid derived from glucose. Iron(II) gluconate is produced commercially by the reaction of gluconic acid with iron(II) carbonate or iron(II) hydroxide. It exists as a yellowish-gray to pale greenish-yellow powder or granules.

Usage

Iron(II) gluconate is primarily used as a food additive to fortify foods with iron, addressing iron deficiency. It is commonly found in processed foods such as breakfast cereals, infant formulas, and dietary supplements. In the European Union, it is designated as E579. It is also used as a color retention agent, particularly in the processing of black olives, where it reacts with naturally occurring compounds in the olives to produce a stable black color. The concentration used for color retention is typically low. It is also used pharmaceutically as an iron supplement to treat or prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Side Effects

Iron(II) gluconate is generally considered safe for consumption at levels typically used in food fortification. However, excessive intake of iron can lead to gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, very high doses of iron can cause more serious health problems, particularly in individuals with hemochromatosis (iron overload disorder). There is no established Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) specified by EFSA or JECFA, implying low concern at typical usage levels. Individuals with iron overload disorders should avoid excessive consumption of iron-fortified foods.

Regulatory Status

Iron(II) gluconate (E579) is permitted as a food additive in the European Union under Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. It is also generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices. Specific regulations regarding its use and maximum levels in various food categories may vary by country and region.