E307c - DL-Alpha-tocopherol

Origin

DL-alpha-tocopherol is a synthetic form of vitamin E. It is produced through chemical synthesis, typically involving the condensation of isophytol with trimethylhydroquinone. Unlike D-alpha-tocopherol, which is the naturally occurring form, DL-alpha-tocopherol is a racemic mixture, meaning it contains equal amounts of both the D- and L- isomers. This synthetic form is commonly used in food and dietary supplements due to its stability and cost-effectiveness.

Usage

DL-alpha-tocopherol is primarily used as an antioxidant in food products. It helps to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils, thereby extending the shelf life of foods and preventing rancidity. It is commonly found in vegetable oils, salad dressings, margarine, and processed foods. Additionally, it is used in dietary supplements as a source of vitamin E. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated the safety of tocopherols and concluded that they are safe for use in food at appropriate levels. The typical usage levels vary depending on the food product, but are generally within the range of 20-200 mg/kg of food.

Side Effects

DL-alpha-tocopherol is generally considered safe for consumption at levels typically found in food and dietary supplements. EFSA has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.15 mg/kg body weight for DL-alpha-tocopherol. High doses of vitamin E supplements (above 1000 mg/day) have been associated with potential adverse effects, such as an increased risk of bleeding, particularly in individuals taking anticoagulant medications. However, such high doses are unlikely to be obtained from food alone. Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort with high doses.

Regulatory Status

DL-alpha-tocopherol (E307c) is approved for use as a food additive in the European Union under Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. It is also permitted for use in food in many other countries, including the United States, where it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA regulates its use under 21 CFR Part 182.3089. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has also evaluated the safety of DL-alpha-tocopherol and established an ADI.