E516 - Calcium sulphate

Origin

Calcium sulphate, also known as calcium sulfate, is an inorganic salt with the formula CaSO₄(H₂O)ₓ, where x can range from 0 to 2. It exists in various forms, including anhydrite (x=0), hemihydrate (x=0.5), and dihydrate (x=2), commonly known as gypsum. It is naturally occurring, mined from the earth, and can also be produced synthetically by reacting calcium oxide or calcium carbonate with sulfuric acid. The naturally occurring forms are widely distributed in sedimentary rocks.

Usage

In the food industry, calcium sulphate serves multiple purposes. It is used as a firming agent in canned vegetables, a flour treatment agent, a dough conditioner, a leavening agent, and a source of calcium. It can also be used as a carrier for other additives. In tofu production, it is a crucial coagulant, contributing to the texture and firmness of the final product. In brewing, it can adjust the mineral content of the water, influencing the flavor profile of the beer. It is also used in baking to improve dough strength and texture.

Side Effects

Calcium sulphate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory bodies like the FDA when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has not established a numerical Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for calcium sulphate, indicating its low toxicity. However, excessive consumption of calcium from any source can potentially lead to hypercalcemia, although this is rare from food additives alone. Some individuals might experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort with very high intakes. No significant adverse effects have been reported at levels typically used in food.

Regulatory Status

Calcium sulphate (E516) is permitted for use as a food additive in many countries, including those in the European Union and the United States. Regulations specify the foods in which it can be used and the maximum permitted levels. In the EU, its use is governed by Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives. In the United States, it is regulated under the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21. It is also approved for use in Australia and New Zealand.