E141ii - Copper complexes of chlorophyllins

Origin

Copper complexes of chlorophyllins (E141ii) are derived from chlorophyll, the green pigment found in plants. Chlorophyll is extracted from plant material, typically grasses, alfalfa, and nettles. The magnesium atom in the chlorophyll molecule is replaced with copper, and the phytol ester group may be partially or fully removed through hydrolysis, resulting in chlorophyllins. The copper is added to stabilize the molecule and improve its heat and light stability, making it suitable for use as a food colorant.

Usage

E141ii is used as a green food coloring agent. It provides a more stable and vibrant green color compared to natural chlorophyll, which can degrade during processing and storage. It is used in a variety of food products, including: * Confectionery * Dairy products (e.g., ice cream, yogurt) * Beverages (e.g., soft drinks, fruit juices) * Processed vegetables and fruits * Sauces and seasonings * Chewing gum It is also used in some cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

Side Effects

Copper complexes of chlorophyllins are generally considered safe for consumption. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-15 mg/kg body weight for copper chlorophyllins. Studies indicate that copper chlorophyllins are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and most of it is excreted in the feces. Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea or diarrhea, if consumed in very large quantities. However, such effects are rare at typical levels of use in food. There are no known significant allergic reactions associated with copper chlorophyllins.

Regulatory Status

E141ii is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the European Union (EU), the United States, and Australia. In the EU, it is listed under Annex II of Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives and is subject to specific purity criteria. In the United States, it is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under 21 CFR 73.125. The regulatory status and permitted uses may vary slightly from country to country.