E160f - Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C 30)

Origin

E160f, also known as ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid, is a synthetic carotenoid. It is derived from beta-apo-8'-carotenal (E160e) through esterification with ethanol. Beta-apo-8'-carotenal itself is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in various plants, but the ethyl ester form is typically produced synthetically for use as a food additive.

Usage

E160f is used as a food coloring agent, providing a yellow-orange to red-orange hue. It is employed in a variety of food products, including margarine, processed cheeses, confectionery, baked goods, and beverages. The primary function is to enhance or standardize the color of the food, making it more appealing to consumers. It is oil-soluble, making it suitable for use in fat-containing products. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated the safety of carotenoids, including E160f, for use as food additives.

Side Effects

Based on available scientific evidence, E160f is generally considered safe for consumption at permitted levels. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-5 mg/kg body weight for beta-apo-8'-carotenal and its ethyl ester (E160e and E160f combined). At high doses, some carotenoids can cause carotenodermia, a harmless yellowing of the skin due to carotenoid deposition. However, this is unlikely to occur at the levels typically used in food. Some individuals may experience allergic reactions, although these are rare. No significant adverse effects have been reported at the levels used in food.

Regulatory Status

E160f is permitted for use as a food additive in the European Union, subject to specific purity criteria and maximum usage levels defined in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012. The use of E160f is also regulated in other countries, including the United States, where it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under specific conditions of use. Food manufacturers must comply with these regulations to ensure the safety and legality of their products.