E172iii - Yellow iron oxide

Origin

Yellow iron oxide (E172iii) is a synthetic inorganic pigment. It is produced by precipitation or thermal decomposition of iron salts. It consists primarily of hydrated ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃·nH₂O). The 'iii' designation distinguishes it from other iron oxides like red (E172i) and black (E172ii) iron oxides.

Usage

Yellow iron oxide is used as a coloring agent in a variety of food products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In food, it provides a yellow to yellowish-brown hue. It is often used in confectionery, baked goods, processed cheeses, and coatings. Its primary function is to impart color and improve the aesthetic appeal of food products. It is also used in dietary supplements and capsules to provide color.

Side Effects

Iron oxides, including yellow iron oxide, are generally considered safe for use in food and cosmetic applications when used according to good manufacturing practices and within established regulatory limits. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 'not specified' for iron oxides used as food additives, indicating that, based on available data, the use of iron oxides at levels necessary to achieve the desired technological effect does not pose a health concern. However, excessive consumption of iron, from any source, can lead to iron overload, which may cause adverse health effects. Allergic reactions to iron oxides are rare, but possible in susceptible individuals.

Regulatory Status

Yellow iron oxide (E172iii) is approved for use as a food additive in the European Union (EU) and is listed in Annex II of Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives. It is also approved for use in food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under 21 CFR 73.190. The FDA specifies purity requirements and limitations on the amount of iron oxide that can be used in food products. Similar regulations exist in other countries, ensuring that the use of yellow iron oxide is controlled to minimize potential risks.