E436 - Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate

Origin

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate, also known as Polysorbate 65, is a nonionic surfactant produced by ethoxylating sorbitan tristearate. Sorbitan tristearate itself is derived from sorbitol (a sugar alcohol) and stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid. The source of stearic acid can be either vegetable oils or animal fats. The ethoxylation process involves reacting sorbitan tristearate with ethylene oxide, which adds polyethylene glycol chains to the molecule. The number of ethylene oxide units added determines the specific properties of the resulting polysorbate.

Usage

E436 is primarily used as an emulsifier, stabilizer, and dispersing agent in various food applications. It helps to blend oil and water-based ingredients, preventing separation and maintaining a consistent texture. It is found in baked goods, icings, frozen desserts, imitation dairy products, and processed foods. It can also be used in non-food applications such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial products. The typical usage levels in food range from 0.1% to 1% depending on the application.

Side Effects

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate is generally considered safe for consumption at the levels typically used in food. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-25 mg/kg body weight for polysorbates, including E436. Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort, such as bloating or diarrhea, if consumed in large quantities. However, such effects are rare at typical dietary exposure levels. Allergic reactions are uncommon but possible, especially in individuals with sensitivities to ethylene oxide or other components of polysorbates. Studies have shown that polysorbates can affect gut microbiota, but the long-term health implications of these changes are still under investigation.

Regulatory Status

E436 is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the European Union, the United States, and Canada. In the EU, it is subject to specific purity criteria and labeling requirements. In the United States, it is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under specific sections of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The regulatory status may vary depending on the specific application and country.