マンニトール

Origin

Mannitol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) that occurs naturally in many plants, including seaweed, fungi, and tree exudates. It can also be produced synthetically by the reduction of fructose or glucose. Its chemical formula is C6H14O6.

Usage

Mannitol is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener, particularly in products for people with diabetes, as it is poorly absorbed from the intestine. It has about 50-70% of the sweetness of sucrose. It is also used as a bulking agent, anticaking agent, and texturizer. In pharmaceuticals, mannitol is used as a diluent for tablets and capsules, and as a diuretic to reduce intracranial pressure. It is also used in some intravenous solutions. Common food applications include sugar-free candies, chewing gum, coatings, and powdered food products. It is also used in some dried fruits and vegetables to prevent caking. Mannitol's non-hygroscopic nature makes it useful in applications where moisture absorption is undesirable.

Side Effects

Mannitol is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by regulatory agencies when used as intended. However, excessive consumption can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort, including bloating, gas, and diarrhea, due to its slow absorption in the small intestine and subsequent fermentation by gut bacteria. The EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 'not limited' when used as a food additive. Individuals with fructose intolerance may experience more pronounced symptoms. In rare cases, allergic reactions have been reported. High doses, particularly when administered intravenously, can cause kidney problems and electrolyte imbalances.

Regulatory Status

Mannitol is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the United States, the European Union, and Canada. It is regulated under various food additive regulations, which specify the permitted uses and maximum levels in different food categories. In the EU, it is designated as E421. The FDA considers it GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.