E490 - Propylene glycol

Origin

Propylene glycol (E490) is a synthetic organic compound. It is a viscous, colorless liquid, which is nearly odorless but possesses a faintly sweet taste. It is produced from propylene oxide, which is derived from petroleum. The industrial production involves the non-catalytic high-temperature reaction of propylene oxide with water.

Usage

Propylene glycol is used in a wide variety of applications due to its versatile properties. In the food industry, it functions as a humectant (to retain moisture), solvent, and preservative. It is also used as a carrier for flavors and colors. In pharmaceuticals, it acts as a solvent in oral, injectable, and topical formulations. Furthermore, it is used in antifreeze, de-icing fluids, and as a plasticizer. In cosmetics, it is used in lotions, creams, and other personal care products. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) is 25 mg/kg body weight according to the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF).

Side Effects

Propylene glycol is generally considered safe for use in food and cosmetics at permitted levels. However, some individuals may experience allergic reactions, particularly skin irritation, when exposed to propylene glycol in topical products. High doses of propylene glycol can lead to central nervous system depression and kidney problems, but such cases are rare and usually associated with accidental ingestion of large quantities or intravenous administration. The safety has been evaluated by various regulatory bodies, including the EFSA and FDA, and it is approved for use within specified limits.

Regulatory Status

Propylene glycol (E490) is approved for use as a food additive in the European Union (EU) under Directive 2008/84/EC. In the United States, it is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in food. The specific regulations and permitted levels vary depending on the application and the country.