E161e - Violaxanthin

Origin

Violaxanthin is a naturally occurring xanthophyll carotenoid pigment. It is found in a variety of plants, algae, and some bacteria. It is primarily extracted from plant sources such as pansies, citrus fruits, and other yellow/orange colored fruits and vegetables. Chemically, it is a derivative of beta-carotene and is involved in the xanthophyll cycle, playing a role in photoprotection in plants by dissipating excess light energy.

Usage

In the food industry, violaxanthin is used as a food coloring agent, providing a yellow to orange hue. It is used in a range of products, including beverages, confectionery, baked goods, and processed foods. Violaxanthin is also of interest due to its potential antioxidant properties. However, its use is limited due to its relatively low stability and color intensity compared to other carotenoid pigments like beta-carotene or annatto. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated the safety of carotenoids, including violaxanthin, when used as food additives.

Side Effects

Violaxanthin is generally considered safe for consumption at levels typically used in food. EFSA has not established a specific Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for violaxanthin as a food additive, indicating a low level of concern based on available data. However, as with any food additive, some individuals may experience allergic reactions or sensitivities. High doses of carotenoids, in general, can lead to carotenodermia, a harmless yellowing of the skin. No significant adverse effects have been reported specifically for violaxanthin at typical dietary exposure levels.

Regulatory Status

Violaxanthin (E161e) is approved for use as a food additive in the European Union. The specific regulations governing its use, including maximum permitted levels in different food categories, are outlined in Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives. The FDA does not have a specific regulation for Violaxanthin as a direct food additive, but it may be permitted under other regulations or through GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status for specific uses. Always check local regulations before using.