E239 - Hexamethylentetramin

Origin

Hexamethylene tetramine (also known as methenamine, or hexamine) is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH₂)₆N₄. It is a white crystalline solid, highly soluble in water and organic solvents. It is produced industrially by the reaction of formaldehyde and ammonia. It was first synthesized in 1859 by Aleksandr Butlerov.

Usage

E239 is used as a preservative, particularly in the food industry, to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. Its primary application is in the preservation of semi-hard, matured cheeses, processed fish, and caviar. It works by decomposing in acidic conditions to release formaldehyde, which is the active antimicrobial agent. The amount of formaldehyde released is carefully controlled to ensure safety. It is also used in some countries as a urinary antiseptic drug, as it decomposes in acidic urine to produce formaldehyde, which kills bacteria. It has also been used in the rubber and textile industries.

Side Effects

The use of hexamethylene tetramine as a food preservative is controversial due to the release of formaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen. While the amounts released are generally considered low, concerns remain about long-term exposure and potential cumulative effects. Some individuals may be sensitive to formaldehyde and experience allergic reactions. Regulatory bodies like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have re-evaluated its safety. There is no established ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) for hexamethylene tetramine as a food additive due to concerns about formaldehyde release. The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) concluded in 2015 that the use of hexamethylene tetramine for treatment of fish and cheese is of safety concern at the proposed uses and use levels. It is banned in many countries due to these concerns.