E319 - Tertiär-butylhydrochinon

Origin

Tertiary-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is a synthetic antioxidant. It is a derivative of hydroquinone, substituted with a tert-butyl group.

Usage

TBHQ is primarily used as an antioxidant to prevent rancidity and discoloration in fats, oils, and foods containing fats and oils. It is often added to vegetable oils, animal fats, and various processed foods to extend their shelf life. It can be used in edible fats and oils, fried foods, processed meats, and snack foods. TBHQ is also used in some cosmetic and industrial applications. The typical usage levels in food range from 0.01% to 0.02% of the oil or fat content. It is often used in combination with other antioxidants like BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) to provide synergistic effects.

Side Effects

The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-0.7 mg/kg body weight for TBHQ. Some studies have suggested potential adverse effects at high doses, including liver enlargement, neurotoxic effects, and increased tumor incidence in animal studies. However, these effects are generally observed at levels far exceeding typical human exposure. Regulatory agencies like the FDA and EFSA have deemed TBHQ safe for use in food at permitted levels. Some individuals may experience allergic reactions or sensitivity to TBHQ, although such cases are rare.

Regulatory Status

TBHQ is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the United States, Canada, the European Union, and Australia. Regulatory agencies such as the FDA (in the US) and EFSA (in Europe) have established maximum permitted levels for TBHQ in various food products. These regulations are in place to ensure that human exposure to TBHQ remains within safe limits. In the EU, the specific regulations are outlined in Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives.