E161h - Zéaxanthine

Origin

Zeaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment. It is found in a variety of plants, algae, and microorganisms. Commercially, zeaxanthin is often extracted from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta). Synthetic zeaxanthin is also available, produced through chemical synthesis.

Usage

Zeaxanthin is primarily used as a food coloring agent, imparting a yellow to orange hue. It is added to foods such as pasta, baked goods, beverages, and processed foods to enhance their color. Beyond its coloring properties, zeaxanthin is also valued for its antioxidant properties and potential health benefits, particularly for eye health. It is a major component of the macular pigment in the retina and is believed to protect against age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As such, it is also used in dietary supplements. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for zeaxanthin has not been explicitly established by all regulatory bodies. However, it is generally considered safe for use in food at levels consistent with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). EFSA has re-evaluated the safety of carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, used as food additives.

Side Effects

Zeaxanthin is generally considered safe for consumption at typical dietary levels. No significant adverse effects have been reported in human studies at levels commonly found in food or supplements. However, as with any food additive, some individuals may experience allergic reactions or sensitivities. High doses of carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, may theoretically lead to carotenodermia (yellowing of the skin), but this is a benign and reversible condition.

Regulatory Status

Zeaxanthin is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the European Union (EU) and the United States. In the EU, it is designated as E161h. Regulations specify the permitted uses and maximum levels in various food categories. In the United States, zeaxanthin is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a food color additive under specific conditions. Regulatory status and permitted uses may vary by country, so it's important to consult local regulations.