E150d - Ammonsulfit-Zuckerkulör

Origin

Sulphite ammonia caramel (E150d) is a food coloring produced by heating carbohydrates (usually corn syrup, but also sucrose, dextrose, or invert sugar) in the presence of sulphite and ammonium compounds. This process results in the formation of complex polymeric compounds that impart a dark brown to black color. It is one of the four classes of caramel color (E150a, E150b, E150c, and E150d). The specific chemical reactions involved are complex and not fully understood, but they involve Maillard reaction-like browning and polymerization.

Usage

E150d is widely used in the food and beverage industry to provide a brown color to a variety of products. It is particularly common in cola-type beverages, where it contributes significantly to the characteristic color. Other applications include sauces, gravies, baked goods, processed foods, and alcoholic beverages like beer and whiskey. The color intensity and hue can be controlled by adjusting the manufacturing process, allowing for a range of shades from light brown to dark black. E150d offers good stability in various food systems, including those with high acidity or salt content.

Side Effects

The safety of E150d has been extensively evaluated by regulatory agencies. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 300 mg/kg body weight per day for caramel colours (E150a-d) as a group. Some studies have raised concerns about the presence of 2-acetyl-4(5)-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI) and 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) in E150d, which have shown potential adverse effects in animal studies at high doses. However, the levels of these compounds in E150d used in food are generally considered safe for human consumption within the established ADI. EFSA has concluded that exposure to 4-MEI from caramel colours does not pose a health concern at the estimated levels of exposure. Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort with very high consumption, but this is rare.