E381 - Ammoniumeisen-III-citrat

Origin

Ferric ammonium citrate is a complex salt of iron, citric acid, and ammonia. It is typically produced by reacting ferric hydroxide with citric acid in the presence of ammonia. The resulting compound is a mixture of iron(III) citrate and ammonium citrate, which forms a stable complex. It appears as reddish-brown granules or powder.

Usage

In the food industry, ferric ammonium citrate is primarily used as an iron fortificant. It is added to foods to increase their iron content, helping to prevent iron deficiency anemia. It can be found in fortified cereals, infant formulas, and dietary supplements. It also functions as an acidity regulator. Beyond food, it has applications in pharmaceuticals as an iron supplement and in photography as a component of certain developers.

Side Effects

Ferric ammonium citrate is generally considered safe for consumption when used in appropriate amounts as a food additive. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 'no limitation specified', meaning that, based on available data, the additive does not pose a health risk when used at levels necessary to achieve its intended purpose. However, excessive intake of iron can lead to gastrointestinal distress, including nausea, vomiting, and constipation. In rare cases, extremely high doses can cause more serious health problems, such as iron overload. Individuals with hemochromatosis or other conditions that cause iron accumulation should exercise caution when consuming foods or supplements containing ferric ammonium citrate.

Regulatory Status

Ferric ammonium citrate is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the United States and those within the European Union. Regulations regarding its use specify the maximum permitted levels in various food products. In the EU, it is designated as E381. The FDA considers it Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.