E312 - Dodecyl gallate

Origin

E312, also known as dodecyl gallate or lauryl gallate, is a synthetic antioxidant derived from gallic acid and dodecanol (lauryl alcohol). Gallic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid found in various plants, while dodecanol is a fatty alcohol. The esterification of gallic acid with dodecanol produces dodecyl gallate.

Usage

Dodecyl gallate is primarily used as an antioxidant in food products to prevent rancidity and spoilage caused by oxidation. It is particularly effective in preserving fats and oils. It is often used in vegetable oils, animal fats, and products containing these ingredients. Its effectiveness stems from its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby inhibiting the chain reactions that lead to oxidative degradation. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated dodecyl gallate and established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). It is typically used at concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.1% in food products.

Side Effects

Dodecyl gallate is generally considered safe for consumption within the established ADI. However, some individuals may experience allergic reactions or sensitivities. Reported side effects are rare but can include skin irritation or gastrointestinal discomfort. EFSA has established an ADI of 0-0.1 mg/kg body weight per day. Studies have indicated that high doses of gallates can cause liver and kidney damage in animal models, but these doses are significantly higher than those typically consumed in the human diet. It's important to note that individual sensitivities can vary.

Regulatory Status

Dodecyl gallate (E312) is approved for use as a food additive in the European Union. Its use is regulated by EU Regulation No. 1333/2008 on food additives. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has conducted several evaluations of dodecyl gallate and has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). The additive is also permitted in some other countries, but regulations may vary. In the United States, gallates are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.