E333ii - Dicalcium citrate

Origin

Dicalcium citrate is a calcium salt of citric acid. It is produced by neutralizing citric acid with calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate. The resulting product is then purified and dried. Citric acid itself is commonly produced by fermentation of sugars, often using *Aspergillus niger*. The calcium source is typically mined limestone or other calcium-rich minerals.

Usage

Dicalcium citrate is used primarily as a food additive to provide calcium fortification. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. In the food industry, it can be found in dairy products, beverages, baked goods, and nutritional supplements. Its calcium content makes it a valuable addition to foods aimed at increasing calcium intake, particularly for individuals with dietary restrictions or specific nutritional needs. It is also used in some pharmaceutical applications as a calcium supplement.

Side Effects

Dicalcium citrate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for its intended uses in food. The EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) have evaluated citric acid and its salts, including dicalcium citrate, and have not established an ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) due to their low toxicity. However, excessive consumption of calcium supplements, including dicalcium citrate, may lead to hypercalcemia (elevated calcium levels in the blood) in susceptible individuals. Symptoms of hypercalcemia can include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and in severe cases, kidney stones or kidney damage. Individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions should exercise caution when consuming calcium supplements.

Regulatory Status

Dicalcium citrate is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the United States and the European Union. In the EU, it is designated as E333ii. Regulations specify the purity criteria and acceptable levels of use in various food products. The FDA regulates dicalcium citrate under its GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) provisions when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices.