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Origin

Propyl gallate is a synthetic antioxidant derived from gallic acid, a naturally occurring plant constituent. It is produced by esterifying gallic acid with propanol. Gallic acid can be found in various plants, including tea leaves, oak bark, and sumac.

Usage

E310, or Propyl gallate, is primarily used as an antioxidant to prevent fats and oils in food from becoming rancid. It is particularly effective in preventing oxidation in vegetable oils, animal fats, and essential oils. It is often used in combination with other antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), to provide a synergistic effect. Propyl gallate is found in a variety of food products, including vegetable oils, meat products, snack foods, dried milk, and food packaging materials. It can also be used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 1.4 mg/kg body weight per day for propyl gallate.

Side Effects

Propyl gallate is generally considered safe for consumption at permitted levels. However, some individuals may experience allergic reactions, such as skin rashes or gastrointestinal upset. High doses may cause liver and kidney damage in animal studies, but these effects have not been observed in humans at typical dietary exposure levels. There is some concern regarding potential endocrine-disrupting effects, but the evidence is not conclusive. EFSA has re-evaluated the safety of propyl gallate and concluded that the current ADI is protective of human health.

Regulatory Status

Propyl gallate is approved for use as a food additive in many countries, including the United States, the European Union, and Canada. Regulations specify the maximum permitted levels in various food products. In the EU, it is listed under Annex II of Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives. In the United States, it is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under 21 CFR 184.1660.